Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind

Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind.

Clark and Chalmers (1998) claim that an external resource satisfying the following criteria counts as a memory: (1) the agent has constant access to the resource; (2) the information in the resource is directly available; (3) retrieved information is automatically endorsed; (4) information is stored as a consequence of past endorsement. Research on forgetting and metamemory shows that most of t...

Introduction: Memory, Embodied Cognition, and the Extended Mind

I introduce the seven papers in this special issue, by Andy Clark, Jérôme Dokic, Richard Menary, Jenann Ismael, Sue Campbell, Doris McIlwain, and Mark Rowlands. This paper explains the motivation for an alliance between the sciences of memory and the extended mind hypothesis. It examines in turn the role of worldly, social, and internalized forms of scaffolding to memory and cognition, and also...

The Effect of Working Memory Rehabilitation on Visual Memory and Memory Span

Introduction: Age-related cognitive decline or cognitive aging is largely the result of structural and functional decline in specific areas of the brain, but lifestyle also contributes to this cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory rehabilitation on visual memory and memory span in ageing.  Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pret...

Implications of external memory for investigations of mind

O14: Autobiographical Memory, Trauma, and the Development of Memory Interventions

Autobiographical memory, that is, our memory for personal life experiences, is integral to our sense of self. However, the experience of trauma can create distortions in how our memories are bought to mind. In particular, trauma can produce an overgeneral memory style, which relates to the development of both PTSD and depression. However, theory states that immediately following a traumatic eve...